As substitute for honey you can use maple syrup, agave nectar, vegetable glycerin, and sugar depending on the preparation you are making. For example, glycerin and sugar could be used in place of honey for syrup making, while date syrup and maple syrup could be used in place of honey for making herbal honeys and oxymels. Please do note, that maple syrup and date syrup will not offer the same preservation benefits as honey.

Some recipes in our courses use beeswax. Good substitutes for beeswax include carnauba wax or soy wax. You can also look into using emulsifying wax, however this is a synthetic product and so we recommend that our folks do research on this product before using.